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Locomotion and movement contact 20


01
 
DEFINITION
Functional classification of body muscle
The skeletal muscles are of following types:
  • Flexor
  • Extensor
  • Abductor
  • Adductor
  • Pronator
  • Elevator
  • Supinator
  • Depressor
  • Rotator
  • Sphincter
  • Dilator
02
 
DEFINITION
Thin myofilament
It is composed of three proteins. They are
  • Actin
  • Tropomyosin
  • Troponin
03
 
DEFINITION
Thick myofilaments
  • Thick myofilaments are formed by myosin protein.
  • Myosin molecule is made up of six polypeptide chains, two identical heavy chains and four light chains.
  • Myosin is spilt by enzyme trypsin into two fragments called light meromyosin and heavy meromyosin.
04
 
DEFINITION
Role of biomolecules for muscle contraction
  • Muscle proteins such as myosin, actin play a significant role during muscle contraction.
  • Carbohydrate and lipids are stored as food and supply high energy.
  • Enzymes catalyze all biological reactions that are involved in muscular contraction.
05
 
DEFINITION
Constituents of human skeleton
Our skeleton consists of bones (hard framework of the body), cartilages (supporting and connecting structures) and ligaments (binding the bones).
06
 
DEFINITION
Male and female skeleton
The difference between male and female skeleton are as follows:
Male skeletonFemale skeleton
The bones are heavier than female.The bones are thinner and lighter than male.
Male pelvis is heavier and narrower (heart shaped)Female pelvis is wider to allow for easier childbirth (oval/round shaped).
07
 
DEFINITION
Axial skeleton - Skull
The human skeleton consists of axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum) and appendicular skeleton (bones of limbs and girdles).
Axial skeleton - Skull (29)
  • It is the skeleton of the head. It contains two part, the cranium made up of 8 bones and the face, which contains 14 bones.
  • The foramen magnum is the back part of the cranium, through which the spinal cord continues into the backbone.
  • Auditory or ear ossicles contain 6 bones and one hyoid or tongue bone.
08
 
DEFINITION
Joints
  • Joint is a point at which two separate bones meet. 
  • They are of three categories: immovable, partially movable and freely movable.
09
 
DEFINITION
Synovial joint
  • There is a synovial cavity present between two ends of bone, filled with synovial fluid and hence named synovial joint.
  • For example, knee joint
10
 
DEFINITION
Types of joints (fibrous joints, cartilaginous joint)
There are two types of joints:
  • Fibrous joints: These bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue with no synovial cavity. For example, skull bone, between calf bone and tibia bone.
  • Cartilaginous joints: These bones are held together by cartilage with no synovial cavity. For example, ear bones.
11
 
DEFINITION
Sprain and strain
  • A sprain is a twisting of a joint without dislocating it.
  • Strain is a less stretching or twisting of a joint.
12
 
DEFINITION
Myasthenia gravis
  • Autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.
13
 
DEFINITION
Muscular dystrophy
  • Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movement (called voluntary muscles) progressively weaken.
  • In some forms of this disease, the heart and other organs are also affected.
14
 
DEFINITION
Tetany
  • Tetany is a set of symptoms caused by low blood calcium (hypocalcemia).
15
 
DEFINITION
Osteoporosis
  • It is a disease in which the bone loses minerals and fibres from its matrix.
  • There are more chances of fractures.
  • The major factors of osteoporosis are imbalances of hormones like calcitonin of thyroid, parathormone of parathyroids, and sex hormones and deficiencies of calcium and vitamin D.
16
 
DEFINITION
Arthritis
  • Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It can affect both the larger and the smaller joints of the body, including the hands, wrists, feet, back, hip, and knee. The disease is essentially one acquired from daily wear and tear of the joint; however, osteoarthritis can also occur as a result of injury.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disorder in which the body's own immune system starts to attack body tissues. The attack is not only directed at the joint but to many other parts of the body. In rheumatoid arthritis, most damage occurs to the joint lining and cartilage which eventually results in erosion of two opposing bones. RA often affects joints in the fingers, wrists, knees and elbows, is symmetrical (appears on both sides of the body), and can lead to severe deformity in a few years if not treated.
17
 
DEFINITION
Osteomalacia/ricket
  • The bones contain insufficient amount of calcium and phosphorus.
18
 
DEFINITION
Dislocation
  • Dislocation is a displacement of the articular surfaces of a joint, it usually involves a damage to the ligaments surrounding the joint.
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